豐田汽車危機的歷史背景/柏蔚林 29/01/2010 有線電視節目:華爾街速遞第二節內容
http://www.my1510.cn/article.php?d8c619e7ac6fc991
“日本製造”這塊牌子幾十年來在世界市場中,可謂是有口皆碑,早就是高品質的代名詞。 日本汽車更是打遍天下無敵,在歐洲、美洲都有極好的聲譽。 每年的多項汽車品質綜合評比,優勝者均是日本車係為主,能夠上榜的歐美品牌寥寥無幾。 日係幾大汽車公司強力展開攻勢,連年攻城奪地,海外市場份額穩步擴大,對歐美本土車商形成極大的威脅。 從2008年全球經濟危機開始,歐洲美國幾大汽車公司紛紛告急,直至申請破產保護,日本車商雖然也遇到銷售大幅下滑的危機,但手中仍有大筆的現金可供周轉,經營狀況遠遠好於其競爭對手。 誰料想,天有不測風雲,2010年新年剛過,已經坐到了北美第二大車商位子上的豐田汽車,就遭遇了前所未有的信任危機。
在美國交通部有關管理部門的巨大壓力下,豐田先後宣布了對數款車型全面召回,並停止數款車型的生產和銷售,其中包括最受消費者歡迎的花冠系列和佳美系列。 目前被召回的豐田公司產品分佈在歐洲、北美洲和亞洲市場,召回數量截至1月28日已經達到5百30萬輛。 與此同時,各地車商已經停止銷售被召回款型的汽車,很多的車主開始與車行交涉如何處理可能有問題的車輛。 幾大汽車出租商已經宣布所有豐田汽車均被停止使用。 而多年來被日本車壓得喘不過氣的美國車商,紛紛興高采烈地宣布補貼政策,揚眉吐氣歡迎豐田的客戶轉向使用它們“沒有問題”的產品。 而最令豐田公司頭痛的,是美國媒體上瀰漫的對豐田產品的不信任,這可能對消費者信心產生極大的影響。 而這一切都是豐田進入北美以來前所未有過的。
問題的根源,就在於汽車的加速踏板,也就是平常所說的“油門”。 美國的交通安全管理部門接到消費者投訴,若干款型的豐田產汽車出現了加速異常的情況。 具體問題是,汽車在行駛中,會出現突然自動加速的情況,或者在駕駛員已經鬆開油門減速的情況下,速度自動繼續上升。 在管理部門與豐田公司交涉後,豐田於去年宣布,問題是由於駕駛員腳下的腳墊向前移動,導致加速踏板工作異常。 豐田在去年提供解決的方案就是“拿走腳墊”。 看起來一個很簡單的問題,但耐人尋味的是,豐田於去年年底宣布大規模召回某些款型車輛,專門修理“問題腳墊”。 直到今年,在美國交通安全管理部門的持續壓力下,豐田終於承認,除了腳墊有問題,加速踏板自身也有質量問題,會導致汽車在行駛中速度失控。
這一事件下一步將向哪裡發展,尚不得而知。 但有些美國媒體大肆宣傳的“是否豐田還可以被信任”,甚至“日本產品是否還可以被信任”的觀點,卻不能不令人懷疑,是否有落井下石,藉機打擊報復競爭對手的嫌疑。 當然美國消費者也不傻,好壞還是心裡有數的,不會聽風就是雨。 豐田出了事,據報導,很多買主就一窩蜂奔著本田去了。 暫且撇開這些是是非非不談,這一簡單事件背後,卻有著現代工業經濟史上一段重大的歷史背景。
從豐田公司這邊看,一家以高質量產品著稱的汽車製造商,會在一個小小的加速踏板上翻了船,導致要召回5百多萬輛車,蒙受巨大損失,同時股價下跌,市場被對手擠壓,而最關鍵的是失去了很多消費者的信賴。 紐約時報的記者在採訪東京的一家研究機構時,得到瞭如下的回答,“一點也不奇怪,完全是在意料之中”,“豐田在做著自己已經無法完全控制的事情,他們過分高估了自己,向外擴張地太快了”。 而華爾街日報的文章則透露了一點小秘密,“豐田已經不是像過去一樣,從一個小圈子的日本零件供應商手裡訂購零件,現在的零件採購範圍是全世界”。
請千萬不要小看上面這幾句話,裡麵包含的,正是豐田從小到大,最終成為世界級企業的秘密武器。 眾所周知,汽車的時代,從亨利•福特創立的福特汽車公司開始。 福特的流水線生產方式,更進一步影響了整個資本主義世界的生產方式,發達國家從此進入工業化大生產時代,史稱“福特主義”時代,從1920年代起,直到1970年代,主導了世界工業生產60年。 而終結了“福特主義”的,正是後來居上的豐田,及其首創的“豐田方式”,在歐美又被稱為“豐田主義”。 豐田的開端,始於學習福特的管理方式,但豐田的創始人並沒有停留在原地,而是敏銳地認識到了福特方式的僵化生硬。
按照福特的生產方式,每一個工人都是流水線的一部分,無需太多的技能,只要把自己的部分做好就行,從上游到下游,工作簡單易行,互不打攪。 但豐田從一個澳大利亞心理學家的研究中受到啟發,明白“當工人在工作中感受到尊重,他們會加倍努力”。 因而豐田打破了福特體制下的僵化關係,鼓勵工人、技術人員、和管理者進行全面的交流,形成圓桌會議式的交流方式,發現問題立即解決,不把問題往下游推。 這樣對提高產品質量大有裨益。 另一個重大創新在於提出成本管理的全新概念。 豐田的原則包括,過量生產,過量原材料存儲,等待時間過長等都是必須被解決的問題。 而正是這些理念,徹底打破了福特主義大而全的生產組織理念。
按照豐田的原則,自身倉儲成本必須控制在最低水平,因而對原材料、零配件幾乎都是按生產需要即時進貨,從企業外部隨用隨進。 據媒體介紹,諾大的豐田汽車工廠裡,很多零配件的存儲僅僅只是幾個小時的用量而已,倉儲成本幾乎被壓縮到零。 在這種經營思路下,豐田的周圍形成了一個完整的零件供應網絡,保證了企業以最高效率和最低成本來運行,最終形成了豐田極其強大的生產能力和低成本優勢。 日本企業之間的高效合作也令歐美企業瞠目不已,舊日的老師開始向學生全面學習管理技術和理念。 從此生產方式的重大改變之一,就是企業縱向集成的生產方式開始解體,在成本優先的前提下,大量的合同開始外包,而不再是內部自行生產。
此次豐田的“踏板門”事件,就是在這樣的背景下發生的。 從新千年以來,豐田的管理層雄心勃勃,要赶超通用,成為北美最大的汽車製造商,在戰略上採取了加速擴張的態勢。 在激烈的競爭中,豐田為了進一步降低成本,就開始向海外尋求合作成本更低的伙伴。 而這次出事的加速踏板,正是向海外外包的零件。 正如華爾街日報的評價,“你得到的,和你所付出的價錢是對等的”。 紐約時報採訪的那家東京的研究機構則一語點出了要害,當合作的網絡越來越大的時候,由於擴張速度過快,豐田的人力資源和決策層的精力已經不堪重負,自然也就無力確保外包零部件的質量了。
2010年1月29日 星期五
為什麼要參與政治事務?
對小投資者而言不滿意公司管理模式或管理階層可以沽出股票再尋找理想的投資對象. 改革公司文化對小投資者是不可能的任務, 無論資訊, 財力, 人力, 專業知識都是不對稱的
但對國民而言國家是共有財產, 而且是帶不走的財產, 除非你有能力"出賣國家" 否則監督及參與國家事務是保護自身權益的必要手段.
無財無勢, 身無長物做難民跑到國外, 幸運的話,成為二等公民, 不幸的話, 做黑市居民, 倒不如留下來打併.
但對國民而言國家是共有財產, 而且是帶不走的財產, 除非你有能力"出賣國家" 否則監督及參與國家事務是保護自身權益的必要手段.
無財無勢, 身無長物做難民跑到國外, 幸運的話,成為二等公民, 不幸的話, 做黑市居民, 倒不如留下來打併.
Express Delivery Builds Relationship of Trust
“In express delivery, the most important is not only delivering a package, but building a relationship of trust with customers through committed reliability,” says Donna Kong, Human Resources Director, DHL Express Hong Kong.
Kong comments that nowadays in logistics industry, talents are required in various job categories. “To ensure timely delivery of goods from one location to another, it requires a team of talents ranging from operations, finance, human resources, sales, marketing to customer service.”
All-round Talents in Demand
As the industry places much focus on customer service quality, speed and accuracy, DHL hires job seekers who can demonstrate that they are team players and have the motivation to go the extra mile to meet customer demands. “They need to have a quick and active mind, and to be resourceful, flexible and sensitive enough to react to unforeseen circumstances,” Kong says.
“Candidates should demonstrate their passion and commitment to the career,” Kong says, advising candidates to understand more about the company they are going to interview, including its products and services, industry positioning, competitors and customers. Employers in the logistics industry also look for candidates with excellent communication and listening skills, and problem-solving ability. Kong points out that hard skills and soft skills are equally important. “Hard skills such as industry knowledge and professional expertise, as well as the ability to solve problems, are crucial. Soft skills such as interpersonal skills, communications skills, teamwork, a commitment to excel and creativity are also indispensable.”
In the industry, customer service, sales and operations staff are in the highest demand. Kong says that talents are always in need because logistics is now a major industry in this new era of economic dynamism. “It is one of the most important sectors in which Hong Kong plays a key role. Over the years, Hong Kong has built up the infrastructure to support her role as a leading logistics and multi-modal transport centre for the region and as the gateway to mainland China.” Professionals possessing analytical power and exhibiting an international mindset with sound knowledge of the international economy are therefore in high demand.
Double-digit Growth
Kong believes that the logistics industry in Hong Kong will continue to be promising as a result of the economic growth in China that drives a greater need for logistics throughout the entire region. As the industry has experienced annual double-digit growth in the past few years, tremendous development opportunities are available for talents. Kong advises those with the aspiration to join the industry to equip themselves. “Take logistics and supply-chain management courses if you are interested to develop a career in the industry. Strengthen your interpersonal and customer-serving skills in order to excel in this service-oriented industry.”
Advance to be Industry Leaders
At DHL, career advancement is provided to staff. The company has a structured review and appraisal system and staff know how they can advance within the company with the training provided. “Progression and growth are what employees can expect from DHL. We invest to develop our staff to make them leaders of the industry,” Kong says. The company’s culture of learning encourages staff to enhance their skills and knowledge by attending training programmes in-house as well as from outside.
Being confident about the future of the industry, Kong says, “China’s booming economy demands for professionals to provide quality express and logistics services. Certainly there will be plenty of opportunities for professionals with an innovative mind and the determination to succeed.” DHL’s commitment and confidence in the industry are shown in their investments in both China and Hong Kong markets. They have invested US$210 million in setting up the Central Asia Hub in Hong Kong. The hub is now under expansion and will be able to process 35,000 parcels per hour, up from the current 20,000 parcels per hour.
http://www.jobsdb.com/HK/EN/V6HTML/JobSeeker/Resources/management/career_advice/DHL.htm
Kong comments that nowadays in logistics industry, talents are required in various job categories. “To ensure timely delivery of goods from one location to another, it requires a team of talents ranging from operations, finance, human resources, sales, marketing to customer service.”
All-round Talents in Demand
As the industry places much focus on customer service quality, speed and accuracy, DHL hires job seekers who can demonstrate that they are team players and have the motivation to go the extra mile to meet customer demands. “They need to have a quick and active mind, and to be resourceful, flexible and sensitive enough to react to unforeseen circumstances,” Kong says.
“Candidates should demonstrate their passion and commitment to the career,” Kong says, advising candidates to understand more about the company they are going to interview, including its products and services, industry positioning, competitors and customers. Employers in the logistics industry also look for candidates with excellent communication and listening skills, and problem-solving ability. Kong points out that hard skills and soft skills are equally important. “Hard skills such as industry knowledge and professional expertise, as well as the ability to solve problems, are crucial. Soft skills such as interpersonal skills, communications skills, teamwork, a commitment to excel and creativity are also indispensable.”
In the industry, customer service, sales and operations staff are in the highest demand. Kong says that talents are always in need because logistics is now a major industry in this new era of economic dynamism. “It is one of the most important sectors in which Hong Kong plays a key role. Over the years, Hong Kong has built up the infrastructure to support her role as a leading logistics and multi-modal transport centre for the region and as the gateway to mainland China.” Professionals possessing analytical power and exhibiting an international mindset with sound knowledge of the international economy are therefore in high demand.
Double-digit Growth
Kong believes that the logistics industry in Hong Kong will continue to be promising as a result of the economic growth in China that drives a greater need for logistics throughout the entire region. As the industry has experienced annual double-digit growth in the past few years, tremendous development opportunities are available for talents. Kong advises those with the aspiration to join the industry to equip themselves. “Take logistics and supply-chain management courses if you are interested to develop a career in the industry. Strengthen your interpersonal and customer-serving skills in order to excel in this service-oriented industry.”
Advance to be Industry Leaders
At DHL, career advancement is provided to staff. The company has a structured review and appraisal system and staff know how they can advance within the company with the training provided. “Progression and growth are what employees can expect from DHL. We invest to develop our staff to make them leaders of the industry,” Kong says. The company’s culture of learning encourages staff to enhance their skills and knowledge by attending training programmes in-house as well as from outside.
Being confident about the future of the industry, Kong says, “China’s booming economy demands for professionals to provide quality express and logistics services. Certainly there will be plenty of opportunities for professionals with an innovative mind and the determination to succeed.” DHL’s commitment and confidence in the industry are shown in their investments in both China and Hong Kong markets. They have invested US$210 million in setting up the Central Asia Hub in Hong Kong. The hub is now under expansion and will be able to process 35,000 parcels per hour, up from the current 20,000 parcels per hour.
http://www.jobsdb.com/HK/EN/V6HTML/JobSeeker/Resources/management/career_advice/DHL.htm
2010年1月28日 星期四
不對稱的苦果之一 煤炭篇
供求失衡, 價格波動, 效益低下, 人為操控, 這些問題及指控每日出現於我們生活當中, 為什麼?
投資人預料在長期需求帶動下帶動價格上揚,他們可能會選擇
選擇1)屯績商品, 2)擴大投資,
特點1)價格向上, 2)趨勢明顯, 3)波幅穩定, 4)有預視性, 5)供求平穩, 6)績極參與
投資人預料在短期因素帶動下帶動價格上揚,他們可能會
選擇1)屯績商品, 2)擴大投資,
特點1)價格向上, 2)趨勢反覆, 3)波幅擴大, 4)缺預視性, 5)供求失衡, 6)羊群效應
政府應該做的, 是提供準確的供求預測及列出數據來源及計算模式, 為供求緊張的商品尋求及推廣替代品, 用持續性的稅務及財務手段影響成本改變市場習慣, 但國內慣用行政手段及貨幣政策影響商業行為, 造成春江鴨大流行, 一窩蜂投資及撤資, 使產能過盛及供應短缺變成常態.
更重要是對企業監管及保護不足, 企業無牌經營可能是監管機構官僚所至, 但生產安全, 品質監督, 定價自主是政府責無旁貸的責任, 監管機構未有盡力檢舉 "黑心企業" 危害日常的商業行為.
國內企業經營遇到不當及不法干擾時的不到司法及執法機構保護, 煤炭物流在長距離運輸被收取額外路費, 國營煤礦企業在國策下攏斷, 以不公平及不合理手段侵吞民企權益, 操縱產能及價格, 都是近年來煤炭短缺及高漲原因之一
近年來在能源企業在國進民退影響下產能增長放慢, 其中在中國, 俄羅斯, 委內瑞拉等尤其明顯, 結果是價格長期居高不下, 所帶來的通貨膨脹及商品泡沫已為全球帶來傷害
投資人預料在長期需求帶動下帶動價格上揚,他們可能會選擇
選擇1)屯績商品, 2)擴大投資,
特點1)價格向上, 2)趨勢明顯, 3)波幅穩定, 4)有預視性, 5)供求平穩, 6)績極參與
投資人預料在短期因素帶動下帶動價格上揚,他們可能會
選擇1)屯績商品, 2)擴大投資,
特點1)價格向上, 2)趨勢反覆, 3)波幅擴大, 4)缺預視性, 5)供求失衡, 6)羊群效應
政府應該做的, 是提供準確的供求預測及列出數據來源及計算模式, 為供求緊張的商品尋求及推廣替代品, 用持續性的稅務及財務手段影響成本改變市場習慣, 但國內慣用行政手段及貨幣政策影響商業行為, 造成春江鴨大流行, 一窩蜂投資及撤資, 使產能過盛及供應短缺變成常態.
更重要是對企業監管及保護不足, 企業無牌經營可能是監管機構官僚所至, 但生產安全, 品質監督, 定價自主是政府責無旁貸的責任, 監管機構未有盡力檢舉 "黑心企業" 危害日常的商業行為.
國內企業經營遇到不當及不法干擾時的不到司法及執法機構保護, 煤炭物流在長距離運輸被收取額外路費, 國營煤礦企業在國策下攏斷, 以不公平及不合理手段侵吞民企權益, 操縱產能及價格, 都是近年來煤炭短缺及高漲原因之一
近年來在能源企業在國進民退影響下產能增長放慢, 其中在中國, 俄羅斯, 委內瑞拉等尤其明顯, 結果是價格長期居高不下, 所帶來的通貨膨脹及商品泡沫已為全球帶來傷害
2010年1月27日 星期三
中港關係
1.有見近日有網民提出香港人不飲水思原, 對中央發動抗爭, 本人對此提出回應.
a)東江水是由香港庫房出資購買的, 港方除了要交水費外, 供水管道建造及保養也由港方出資, 怎麼說是中方對港施恩?
國內對香港供水拹定,是一份合約, 雙方都要履行, 但供港水質如何呢?
歐洲天然氣主要由俄國供應, 難道說歐州要用氣思原?
環球原油過半由阿拉伯兵應, 難道說世界要用油思原?
香港購買東江水單位成本是冠絕全國吧
b)中央政府就基本法賦與港人的權利及義務也是一份合約, 但不平等, 發生爭執時, 國內單方面控條文解釋, 絕對是不公平, 現在不是要推翻它, 而是要將灰色地帶釐清.
一個法律條文, 一個商業合約, 個人拹議出現爭議, 理應交由獨立第三方仲裁, 但現行機制下由中方單方面解釋法律條文及立法原意,合理嗎?
c)基本法中賦與港人司法,立法, 選舉權何時交還港人呢?三國演義中也有"劉備借荊州, 一借無回頭" 及後提出"今春借,明春還" 這種無齒行為是盡責任的"政府"該有嗎?
2.在我看中國政府對公投的抗拒態度
對中國政府而言, 權力是筆桿子及槍桿子結合, 而公投正正是挑戰其權力核心(獨占解讀國民的選擇權)
節錄自銀英小說
當100分裂成51:49, 多數為51
當 51分裂成 26:25, 多數為26
當 26分裂成 14:12 多數為14
如是者, 議會不能正確表表選民意願, 尤其派系林立的情況, 如國內.
公投, 最不受派系利益交換情況下決定國家/地區重大決策的最佳工具, 最重要是有高度透明度及準確性, 不為寡頭政治左右.
a)東江水是由香港庫房出資購買的, 港方除了要交水費外, 供水管道建造及保養也由港方出資, 怎麼說是中方對港施恩?
國內對香港供水拹定,是一份合約, 雙方都要履行, 但供港水質如何呢?
歐洲天然氣主要由俄國供應, 難道說歐州要用氣思原?
環球原油過半由阿拉伯兵應, 難道說世界要用油思原?
香港購買東江水單位成本是冠絕全國吧
b)中央政府就基本法賦與港人的權利及義務也是一份合約, 但不平等, 發生爭執時, 國內單方面控條文解釋, 絕對是不公平, 現在不是要推翻它, 而是要將灰色地帶釐清.
一個法律條文, 一個商業合約, 個人拹議出現爭議, 理應交由獨立第三方仲裁, 但現行機制下由中方單方面解釋法律條文及立法原意,合理嗎?
c)基本法中賦與港人司法,立法, 選舉權何時交還港人呢?三國演義中也有"劉備借荊州, 一借無回頭" 及後提出"今春借,明春還" 這種無齒行為是盡責任的"政府"該有嗎?
2.在我看中國政府對公投的抗拒態度
對中國政府而言, 權力是筆桿子及槍桿子結合, 而公投正正是挑戰其權力核心(獨占解讀國民的選擇權)
節錄自銀英小說
當100分裂成51:49, 多數為51
當 51分裂成 26:25, 多數為26
當 26分裂成 14:12 多數為14
如是者, 議會不能正確表表選民意願, 尤其派系林立的情況, 如國內.
公投, 最不受派系利益交換情況下決定國家/地區重大決策的最佳工具, 最重要是有高度透明度及準確性, 不為寡頭政治左右.
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